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Vegetative filter strip buffer effects on runoff, sediment, and nutrient losses from a grazing and windrow composting site

机译：营养性滤纸条缓冲对放牧和堆肥堆肥场的径流，沉积物和养分流失的影响

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The dissertation Chapter 3 grazing/vegetative filter strip (VFS) buffer research project quantifies the effects of grazing management practices and VFS buffers on losses of runoff (RO) with total solids (TS), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), ortho-phosphorus (PO4-P), and total-phosphorus (TP) during natural rainfall events. Three grazing management practices (5.1-cm [2-in] continuous grazing [con], 5.1-cm [2-in] rotational grazing [rot], and no grazing [ng] control) and three VFS buffers comprised nine treatment combinations. The plot areas were on uneven terrain with up to 15 percent slopes and consisted of approximately 100 percent smooth brome (Bromus inermis Leyss.). Average paddock and VFS buffer plant tiller densities were approximately 62M and 93M tillers/ha, respectively. Results from 2001 and 2002 show no significant differences (p \u3c 0.10) in average losses of RO, TS, NO3-N, PO 4-P, and TP among the nine treatment combinations. The 2003 results also show no significant differences (p \u3c 0.10) in losses of RO, TS, PO 4-P, and TP. However, the 2003 results indicate significantly higher (p \u3c 0.01) losses of NO3-N from \u2210:1ng\u22 treatments compared to all other treatment combinations and reflect a possible tendency towards elevated losses in some \u22ng\u22 treatments from \u22con\u22 treatments in 2001 and 2002. Runoff analysis results indicate grazing management practices did not significantly affect runoff losses (p \u3c 0.10). These results and other research findings suggest the relatively higher 2003 event precipitation, antecedent moisture, concentrated surface flow conditions, dense cool-season smooth brome, and forage nutrient cycling processes may have contributed to the potential shift of elevated losses to the non-grazed \u22ng\u22 treatments. Results also suggest warm-season grasses like switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) could be incorporated into certain paddock areas in a rotational grazing management program to improve grazing efficiency and reduce RO and contaminant losses. The dissertation Chapter 4 windrow composting/VFS buffer study quantifies the effects of windrow composting practices and VFS buffers on losses of runoff (RO), runoff percent of rainfall (RO%), total solids (TS), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), ortho-phosphorus (PO 4-P), and total-phosphorus (TP) during natural rainfall events. The 1:1 and 1:0.5 area ratios represented a 6 m x 23 m (20 ft x 75 ft) fly ash composting pad area compared to VFS buffer areas of equal and one-half size, respectively. All treatments had three replications for a total of nine runoff plots distributed in a randomized complete block design. Results from the study indicate significantly higher levels (p \u3c 0.05) of RO, RO%, TS, NO 3-N, PO4-P, and TP from the 1:0 control plots compared to the 1:1 and 1:0.5 plots. Results also show the 1:1 and 1:0.5 VFS buffer treatments were not significantly different (p \u3c 0.05). Average runoff loss reductions from the 1:1 and 1:0.5 plots were 98 and 93 percent, respectively, compared to the 1:0 control plots. These results reflect the effectiveness of VFS buffers for reducing runoff and contaminant losses from a windrow composting site. We hypothesize the significantly lower PO4-P losses in runoff may be attributed to potential chemical and physical effects of the fly ash composting pad material. The dissertation Chapter 5 hydrologic modeling study calibrated and validated a hydrologic model for predicting runoff volume losses from a windrow composting site with VFS buffers. The site also included a composting pad surface constructed of fly ash obtained from a local coal-fired power generating station. Observed runoff and physical attribute data from six rainfall events during 2002-2004 at a central Iowa windrow composting research site were used in the model evaluation. These data included average runoff volumes from three compost windrow:VFS buffer area ratio treatments (1:1, 1:0.5, and 1:0 [no buffer] control), each replicated to comprise a total of nine plots. Calibration simulations indicated good agreement of simulated runoff data to observed data for all 1:1, 1:0.5, and 1:0 (no-buffer control) VFS buffer treatments. The 1:0 (control) treatment plots also indicated good data agreement for all calibration and validation simulations. However, validation simulations resulted in overpredictions for the 1:1 and 1:0.5 VFS buffer runoff volumes that were most significant in the 2004 late rainfall events period. Results from this initial study with limited data indicated that alternatives to soils data-derived VFS buffer surface infiltration and runoff functions should be considered to potentially improve model prediction accuracy. These results and other research findings suggest that possibly the fly ash composting pad material and age of the research site may have contributed to the overpredicted 1:1 and 1:0.5 VFS buffer runoff validation simulation results. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
机译：论文的第3章放牧/植物性滤料条（VFS）缓冲液研究项目量化了放牧管理实践和VFS缓冲液对总固体（TS），硝酸盐氮（NO3-N）或邻位固氮的径流（RO）损失的影响。自然降雨事件中的磷（PO4-P）和总磷（TP）。三种放牧管理实践（5.1厘米[2-in]连续放牧[con]，5.1厘米[2-in]旋转放牧[rot]和无放牧[ng]对照）和三个VFS缓冲液包含九种处理组合。该地块的地形不平坦，坡度高达15％，由大约100％的光滑溴（Bromus inermis Leyss。）组成。围场和VFS缓冲植物的平均分till密度分别约为每公顷62M和93M。 2001年和2002年的结果显示，在9种处理组合中，RO，TS，NO3-N，PO 4-P和TP的平均损失无显着差异（p \ u3c 0.10）。 2003年的结果还显示RO，TS，PO 4-P和TP的损失没有显着差异（p \ u3c 0.10）。但是，2003年的结果表明，与所有其他处理组合相比，\ u2210：1ng \ u22处理中NO3-N的损失明显更高（p u 0.01）。这反映了某些\ u22ng：u处理中NO3-N损失的趋势可能会增加。在2001年和2002年进行了u22con \ u22处理。径流分析结果表明，放牧管理实践并未显着影响径流损失（p \ u3c 0.10）。这些结果和其他研究结果表明，相对较高的2003年降水量，前期水分，集中的地表流条件，浓密的凉爽季节平滑的溴和牧草养分循环过程，可能导致了损失增加的潜在转移到非放牧u22ng \ u22处理。结果还表明，可以通过轮牧管理计划将诸如柳枝（（Panicum virgatum L.）等暖季草纳入某些围场区域，以提高放牧效率并减少RO和污染物损失。论文第4章堆肥堆肥/ VFS缓冲液研究量化了堆肥堆肥实践和VFS缓冲液对径流损失（RO），降雨径流百分比（RO％），总固体（TS），硝酸盐氮（NO3-N）的影响），自然降雨事件中的正磷（PO 4-P）和总磷（TP）。 1：1和1：0.5的面积比分别代表了6 m x 23 m（20 ft x 75 ft）的粉煤灰堆肥垫面积，而VFS缓冲区的面积分别为相等和一半。所有处理都进行了三个重复，总共有9个径流图分布在一个随机完整块设计中。研究结果表明，与1：1和1：0.5相比，1：0对照地块的RO，RO％，TS，NO 3-N，PO4-P和TP的水平显着更高（p \ u3c 0.05）情节。结果还显示1：1和1：0.5的VFS缓冲液处理没有显着差异（p <0.05）。与1：0对照区相比，1：1和1：0.5区的平均径流损失减少分别为98％和93％。这些结果反映了VFS缓冲液在减少堆肥堆肥场的径流和污染物损失方面的有效性。我们假设径流中PO4-P的明显降低可能归因于粉煤灰堆肥垫材料的潜在化学和物理作用。论文的第5章水文建模研究对用于预测VFS缓冲堆肥堆肥场径流量损失的水文模型进行了校准和验证。该地点还包括堆肥垫层表面，该垫层表面由从当地燃煤发电站获得的飞灰构成。在模型评估中，使用了爱荷华州中部堆肥堆肥研究站点2002年至2004年的6次降雨事件的观测径流和物理属性数据。这些数据包括来自三种堆肥堆肥：VFS缓冲面积比率处理（1：1、1：0.5和1：0 [无缓冲液]对照）的平均径流量，每种方法重复进行，共形成9个样地。校准模拟表明，对于所有1：1、1：0.5和1：0（无缓冲液控制）VFS缓冲液处理，模拟的径流数据与观测数据具有良好的一致性。 1：0（对照）处理图也表明所有校准和验证模拟均具有良好的数据一致性。但是，验证模拟导致对1：1和1：0.5 VFS缓冲区径流量的高估，这在2004年后期降雨事件期间最为明显。初始研究的有限数据结果表明，应考虑替代土壤数据中的VFS缓冲液表面渗透和径流函数，以潜在地提高模型预测的准确性。这些结果和其他研究发现表明，粉煤灰堆肥垫的材料和研究地点的年龄可能对过高预测的1：1和1：0.5 VFS缓冲液径流验证模拟结果做出了贡献。 （摘要由UMI缩短。）

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    Webber, David Franklin;

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  • 年度 2007
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